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CHAPTER I.
THE
English named the Indians, who occupied the greater part of
They
proudly called themselves Lenni‑Lenape (original or pre‑eminent
men). Their Totem was the wolf from which the French called them Loups
(wolves).
The Indians, inhabiting
The
other bands were the Catskills, Mamekotings, Warwarsinks, Waoranecs, and
Warranawonkongs.
They
were called the five tribes of the Esopus country.
These
were the "Esopus Indians," whose war‑whoops terrified the
Dutchmen at Esopus; who laid Wildwyck in ashes and who battled for their
hunting grounds against the troops of Martin Cregier. The Catskills had their
principal village just north of the Esopus creek. In all probability they were
the Indians mentioned in the journal of Henry Hudson:‑-"At
night we came to other mountaines, which lie from the river's side. There wee
found very loving people, and very old men; where wee were well used."
The
Warwarsinks were located in the town of
The
Waoranecs were located at the mouth of
The
names of the two last above bands are probably derived from a word signifying:-‑"hollowing,
concave site." "Cove." "Bay." Descriptive of
Each
of these bands had its main village where their forts were erected. These were
defended by three rows of palisades and the houses in the fort encircled by
thick cleft palisades with port holes in them, and covered with the bark of
trees. During the summer and fall they roamed over the surrounding country in
search of game and built their temporary huts wherever trade, the chase or
fancy called them.
Two
main trails led from the
Many
paths led from the one trail to the other, traces of these remain to this day.
Long before the advent of the white‑man the Indian warriors silently trod
these trails in search of their enemy and beside these paths they lay in
ambuscade awaiting their foe. It was at the end of these trails, at the mouth
of the Esopus and the Rondout, that they stood gazing
in fear and in wonder at the ship of
In
the valleys through which ran these trails they pitched their wigwams, planted
and cultivated their crops and pursued the deer and the bear in the surrounding
forest.
Down
these trails came the Indian Braves armed with gun and with hatchet to lay in
ruins the settlement of the white‑man at Esopus, and over them they fled
back to their mountain fastness.
The
mode of life, the habits and customs of the Indians are too well‑known to
require description here. Only those disclosed by the records as characteristic
of the Esopus tribes are here alluded to.
The
tribes were divided into clans or families, each having its chief. The names of
some of these families have been preserved, as the Amogarickakan family, the
Kettsypowy family, the
They
did not subsist upon the chase alone. They cultivated their fields. They
raised large quantities of corn and vegetables, which they stored in the ground
for winter use. Monianac (Indian corn or Maize) was their main food supply.
Martin
Cregier, who destroyed their villages after the burning of Wildwyck in 1663,
states that his troops cut down, near one of their forts, about two hundred and
fifteen acres of growing maize and burnt above [i.e.; more than] a hundred pits
full of corn and beans. Here is a description of their management of the corn
crop and the uses to which they put it, written in 1628.
"At
the end of March they begin to break up the earth with mattocks, which they buy
from us for the skins of beavers or otters, or for sewan. They make heaps like
molehills, each about two and a half feet from the others, which they sow or
plant in April with maize, in each heap five or six grains; in the middle of
May, when the maize is the height of a finger or more, they plant in each heap
three or four Turkish beans, which then grow up with and against the maize,
which serves for props, for the maize grows on stalks similar to the sugar
cane. It is a grain to which much labor must be given,
with weeding and earthing‑up, or it does not thrive; and to this the
women must attend very closely. Those stalks which are low and bear no ears,
they pluck up in August, and suck out the sap, which is as sweet as if it were
sugar‑cane. When they wish to make use of the grain for bread or
porridge, which they call Sappaen, they first boil it and then beat it flat
upon a stone; then they put it into a wooden mortar, which they know how to
hollow out by fire; and then they have a stone pestle, which they know how to
make themselves, with which they pound it small, and sift it through a small
basket, which they understand how to weave of the rushes before mentioned. The
finest meal they mix with lukewarm water, and knead it into dough, then they
make round, flat little cakes of it, of the thickness of an inch or a little
more, which they bury in hot ashes, and so bake into bread; and when these are
baked they have some fresh water by them in which they wash them while hot, one
after another, and it is good bread, but heavy. The coarsest meal they boil
into a porridge, as is before mentioned, and it is
good eating when there is butter over it, but a food which is very soon
digested. The grain being dried, they put it into baskets woven of rushes or
wild hemp, and bury it into the earth, where they let it lie, and go with their
husbands and children in October to hunt deer, leaving at home with their maize
the old people who cannot follow; in December they return home, and the flesh
which they have not been able to eat while fresh, they smoke on the way, and
bring it back with them. They come home as fat as moles."
The
Dutch called the Indians who were not chiefs "Barebacks," alluding to
the fact that during the summer season they wore no clothing on the upper part
of the body. To return the compliment the Indians called the Dutch
"Schwonnacks," signifying "people of the salt water,"
because the Dutch had come over the sea.
They
had their festivals, social gatherings, dances and general jollifications,
called "cantico" or "kintacoy." The use of this word,
descriptive of a dance, any social gathering or a drunken carouse, lingers
among the descendants of the Dutch in
The
Indians had a "Tennis‑Court" near the corner of Hone and Pierpont
streets in the city of
One
of the favorite games of all the Eastern tribes was played with a small ball of
deerskin stuffed with hair or moss, or a round piece of wood, with one or two
netted rackets somewhat like tennis rackets. Two goals were set up at a
distance of several hundred yards from each other, and the abject of each party
was to drive the ball under the goal of the opposing party by means of the
racket, without touching it with the hand. Two families or two tribes played
against each other. The game was attended with dancing and feasting,
and the stakes ran high. This undoubtedly was the game played at the Tennis‑Court
mentioned by Chambers. The Indians used this game as a stratagem to obtain
entrance to
Great
misapprehension exists as to the status of the Indian woman. She is usually
pictured as a mere beast of burden, a hewer of wood and a drawer of water for
her husband and the family. It is true, she did the household work, tilled the
fields and gathered the crops, but to no greater extent than do the peasant
women of
[p.
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Some
of the clans had a chieftainess who ruled and governed them. Her word was law.
One of these, Nipapoa, held sway over a band of the Catskills. On her wigwam
was painted the figure of a wolf, the totemic emblem of her tribe. She was part
owner of
The
women had a voice in the council of the tribe. Even in the weighty matters of war
or peace they were consulted.
In
1660 the Esopus chief, Seweckenamo, while engaged in negotiating a treaty of
peace with the council at
Women's
rights and the rights of women were well recognized. It was not necessary for
the squaws to organize a suffragette party. They usually got what they wanted.
The secret of their great influence probably lay in the fact that each of them
was an excellent cook and each wife became the mother of a lusty brood of
papooses.
The
names of a number of the chiefs appear of record. Occasionally a fact or
incident concerning them lights up these old Dutch
annals.
Preumaecker. He, with other chiefs, ceded lands at Wildwyck to Governor Stuyvesant in
1658. He was the oldest Esopus Sachem.
Seweckenamo. He was one of the chiefs in 1658 at the time of the
cession of lands at Esopus to Stuyvesant. He signed the treaties of peace of
1660 and 1664.
In
1665, with other chiefs, he executed a deed conveying lands at Esopus to
Governor Nicolls. As evidence of the execution of the deed the chiefs delivered
to the governor two small sticks and in the name of their "subjects,"
one of the "subjects" delivered to Nicolls, "two other small,
round sticks in token of their assent." In return Nicolls delivered to the
chiefs "three Laced Redd Coates." He was one of the Esopus Sachems who
conveyed lands at New Paltz, sixteen miles south of Wildwyck, to Lewis DuBois
and his associates in 1677.
He
was instrumental in having the prisoners taken at Wildwyck in 1663 returned to
their homes. After the war of 1664 he appeared before the council at
Kaelcop. (Baldhead.) In 1659 he warned "Kit" Davis to move
away from the strand as the Indians intended to attack the whites. He was a
party to the above treaty of 1660. In 1677 he, for himself and the
Amogarickakan family, and Ankerop for himself and the Kettsypowy family,
executed a deed of the remaining lands of the Indians at Esopus to Governor
Andros.
Ankerop. He
evidently was cautious in executing deeds or binding himself by treaties, for
his name seldom appears appended to such instruments. He owned lands in the
town of
In
1677 Governor Andros granted a patent to Lewis DuBois and his partners of a
tract of land at New Paltz which they had purchased of the Indians in the same
year. Some doubt arose as to the exact location of one of the corners of the
patent. So in 1722 the justices of the county asked Ankerop to point it out.
The old Indian took the magistrates "to the high mountain, which is named
'Maggrnapogh,' now the famous summer resort, '
What
a spectacle. There on the mountain summit stood the old chief. Beneath him, on the one side, the valley of the Wallkill. On the other, the valley of the Rondout and the Esopus.
There had stood the villages of his people. There, waving, tossing in the
summer breezes, their fields of maize. There, the women had tilled the fields
and the children laughed and played amid the daises and the flowers. Over the
trails, crossing these very mountains, he had led his braves to the chase and
to war. Gone. All gone now.
The white man had taken them all. What must have been his thoughts as the sun
went down, and hill and valley, forest and stream, slowly faded into the shadows.
After
the destruction of their villages in 1663 the Indians lived in peace with the
whites. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War but few were left in
Most
of them had left the valley of the
Few memorials of them remain in
Here
and there, a locality, stream and mountain, still bear the names the red men
gave them.
Esopus
is from Sepu, "river" and ‑es "small."
Kerhonkson,
a village in the town of
Koxing
Kill, a stream in the town of
Lackawack, a settlement in the town of
Meenahga, the name of a hotel on the Shawangunk
mountains, a forced rendering of Mih'n‑acki, "Huckleberry
land."
Napanoch,
a village, from a word meaning "Water land, or land overflowed with
water."
Shandaken, a town, from "Schindak,"
"Hemlock Woods," Schindaking‑-"At the hemlock woods,"
or place of hemlocks.
Shokan,
a village in the town of
Warwarsing, from a word meaning "At a place
where the stream winds, bends, twists, or eddies around a point."
Mohunk,
the famous summer resort on the Shawangunk mountains,
is probably from Magonck or Magunk, "a great tree." The word appears
in various forms: Moggoneck, Maggonck, Moggonock, Maggrnapogh.
A great tree may have stood on or at the foot of the mountain where Ankerop
stood when he pointed out the boundaries of the new Paltz patent.
Shawangunk,
now the name of a town, a stream, and the mountain range extending through the
southern part of the county, was originally applied to an indefinite tract of
land situated in the present towns of Gardiner and Shawangunk, lying between
the Shawangunk Kill and the mountains. It is probably from Shawan, "South."
South mountain. South water. South place, or from Shaw, "Side" ‑ong,
"hill" and ‑unk "At" (or on) the hill side.
For
many years an old Indian lived in a shanty on the bank of the Rondout creek, a
mile or so above the city of
A
monument has been erected to the memory of Thomas Chambers, the first white
settler in the land of the Esopus.
Why
should not a shaft be reared to the memory of the Indians? To
perpetuate the names of Preumaecker; Seweckenamo; Ankerop; and that old
baldhead, Kaelcop. They were pure Americans. They were the first
settlers. They owned the land. They battled for their homes, though they were
but wigwams. They fought for their wives, though they were but squaws. With
dauntless courage, they faced death for their children, though they were but
papooses. All honor to them. To every one of them.
CHAPTER II.
THE
first settlement within the limits of the present
In
1614 some merchants of
In 1624, Nicolaes van Wassenaer, writing of the Indians
inhabiting
In 1625, Johannes de Laet, of Leydon, a director of the
West India Company, published his "
The
ship Rensselaerswyck left
Van
Der Doncks map of 1656, of
Esopus
is from the Indian Sepu, "River" and ‑es, "small." As
first used it was applied to an indefinite territory on the east side of the
The
date of the first white settlement at Esopus has been a much mooted question.
As the matter is of considerable interest the evidence relating to it is here
given.
At
The
Indian trails from the head waters of the
Neither the Figurative Map of 1614 or Van Der Donck's of 1656 show any settlement. Neither Wassenaer, de Vries, de Laet, or the French woman
Trico, mention a settlement or use language from which it can be inferred that
there was one. This is also true of the log book of the ship Rensselaerswyck.
From 1646 to 1654 Chambers occupied a farm in Rensselaerswyck Manor which he
leased from van Rensselaer, the Patroon. His account with the Patroon runs from
1646 to 1666. It contains the following entry:‑-"This day, 14 July,
1654, Thomas Chambers has delivered to me his farm with house, hay barracks and
barn and have I released him from his contract. Thomas
Chambers in the Esopus."
There are but very few entries in the account after the
above. On
A deed from Abraham de Lametter to Wilhelmus Hoghtiling
conveying twelve acres "at or near the Rondout upon the strand of the
Esopus Creek," states that Johannis Dykmand bought it from the Indians and
conveyed it to Christopher Davis,
The
order of Governor Stuyvesant made May, 1661, erecting the settlement at
"the Esopus" into a village states that it had been inhabited six or
seven years.
The
On
In
1654 a patent for about sixty‑five acres at Esopus was granted to Juriaen
Westphael. On
During
September, 1655, the Indians made an attack on
That there were settlers at Esopus at this time and
that they joined in the general exodus is evidenced by a letter from Jacob
Jansen Stoll to Stuyvesant, dated
From
all the above it may be safely asserted that the first settlement in
Many of
these pioneers came from the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. That princely domain,
embracing most of the present counties of Rensselaer, Columbia and Albany
except Fort Orange and the land lying immediately about it; over which the
Patroon, Kilian van Rensselaer, ruled a feudal lord.
Why
did they come? Mayhap it was the wanderlust that lay in the blood. Perhaps the
fertile valley of the Esopus Creek, ready for the plow, attracted them. Perchance
there was a broader, a deeper reason. The patroon was the chief magistrate of
his estate. From the decrees of his courts there was practically no appeal. He
had the first right to purchase the products raised by his tenants who must
grind their grist at his mill and could not hunt or fish without his license.
The tenants of the manor farms were, in large measure, but the vassals of the
patroon. Perhaps it was to escape all this, to own themselves,
that they left Rensselaerswyck.
Perhaps
it was their desire to be able to put their foot down upon a spot of ground and
say to all the world, this is mine, that induced them
to come to the land of the Esopus.
[p.
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CHAPTER
EXCEPT
the fact that its inhabitants had abandoned their homes at the time of the
attack by the Indians on
They had then built
their houses and barns and cultivated the fields. They were ready to battle
with the wilderness, with its wild beasts and with the Indians. In this year
their troubles with the red men began. On
On
They
reached the mouth of the Rondout Creek the next day. It was low water and the
yacht of Stuyvesant ran aground. A messenger was sent to several Indians whose huts stood on the bank of the creek, asking
them to come aboard the yacht and another to tell the settlers of the arrival
of the governor.
Very shortly
Chambers and Andries van der Sluys, who had been anxiously looking for the
arrival of the governor, came on the yacht accompanied by two of the Indians.
Stuyvesant assured them that he meant none of them any harm. He had come to
ascertain the cause of the trouble between the Indians and the whites. Induced
by some presents, they promised to go notify their chiefs to meet the governor
the next day at the house of Jacob Jansen Stoll to talk matters over. Then
Chambers told the governor of all the depredations of the Indians, mournfully
concluding that since they had written him the savages had killed "two
sows, being with pig" belonging to Stoll. By this time the yachts bearing
the soldiers had arrived. They quietly disembarked, and headed by Chambers, all
marched to his house, where they remained over night. We may be sure that the
keen eyes of the Indians were watching them as silently, without the beat of
drum, they climbed the hill. The same hill down whose slope, over two centuries
later, marched the boys in blue of
The
next day, May 30, the troops marched to the home of Stoll, it being nearer the
huts of the Indians. It being Ascension Day, divine service was held. In the
afternoon Stuyvesant met the settlers. He talked straight to the point. The
harvest season was coming on. It was no time to make matters worse by attacking
the Indians. He could not protect them as long as they lived separately, their
dwellings scattered here and there contrary to the orders of the company. It
was absolutely necessary that they at once move together where he could assist
them with a few soldiers. They must either do this or move to
"We,
the undersigned, all inhabitants of the Aesopus, having from time to time
experienced very distressing calamities and felt and discovered, to our loss,
the unreliable and unbearable audacity of the savage barbarous natives, how
unsafe it is to trust to their promises, how dangerous and full of anxiety to
live at separate places away from each other, among so faithless and mischevious
tribes, have resolved (upon the proposition and promise made by the Director‑General,
the Honble Petrus Stuyvesant, that he will give us a safe‑guard and
further help and assist us in future emergencies) and deemed it necessary for
the greater safety of our wives and children, to pull down our scattered
habitations in the most convenient manner immediately after signing this
agreement and to move close to each other to the place indicated by the Honble
General, to enclose the place with Palisades of proper length with the assistance
provided thereto by the Honble General, so that we may protect ourselves and
our property by such means, to which the All‑Good God may give His blessing,
against a sudden attack of the savages; while we bind ourselves, after
imploring God and His divine blessing on all lawful means, to carry out
directly, unanimously and without opposition the foregoing agreement and to
accomplish it as quick as possible under a penalty of one thousand guilders to
be paid for the benefit of the settlement by him, who should hereafter make any
opposition by word or deed. To insure this still more, we have signed this
agreement with our own hands in presence of the Honble Director‑General
and Sr Goovert Loockermans on board the Ship 'Stede Amsterdam' in
It is signed.
"P. Stuyvesant
"Govert Loockerman "Jacob Jansen Stoll
"Thomas
Chambers
"Cornelis
Barentsen Slecht
"Willem
Jansen
"Pieter
Dircksen
"Jan
Jansen
"Jan
Broersen
"Dirck
Hendricksen Graaff
"Jan
Lootman"
The
place selected by Stuyvesant was staked out in the afternoon.
The
Rondout Creek forms the southerly, the
Approximately
it began on the westerly edge of the plateau at about the junction of the
present Green and North Front Streets; then ran along the northerly edge of the
plateau, the present North Front Street, to about the present junction of that
street with Clinton Avenue; then along the easterly edge of the plateau, the
present Clinton Avenue, to the junction of that avenue with Main Street; then
along the southerly side of the plateau, the present Main Street, to the
junction of that street with Green Street; then along the westerly edge of the
plateau along the Tannery Brook, along Green Street, to the junction of that street
with North Front Street, the place of beginning.
In 1695, John Miller, an Episcopal clergyman, who
had been a surveyor, made a visit to Kingston with governor Fletcher and made a
map of the stockade as it then existed. This shows its location as above
stated. At the time of the building of the stockade, the settlers were between
sixty and seventy in number. They could muster thirty fighting men. They had
over three hundred acres sown to grain. Here, as disclosed by the records, are
the names of the settlers and of those who had received patents for lands up to
and including the year 1658:
Thomas
Chambers, Christopher Davids, Jacob Jansen Stoll or Hap, Harmen Jacobsen alias
Bamboes, Jacob Andriesen, Pieter Dircksen, Hendrick Cornelissen, Andries van
der Sluys, Cornelis Barentsen Slecht, Willem Jansen, Jan Jansen, Jan Broersen,
Dirck Hendricksen Graaff, Jan Lootman, Johanna de Hulter, Juriaen Westphael,
Jan Verbeck, Francis Pietersen, Marten Metselaer, Peter Wolphertsen, Pieter
Cornelissen van der Veen, Augustyn Heermans, Jacob Neus.
The
location of their dwellings before they removed to the site selected by
Stuyvesant cannot be exactly fixed. They were on the low lands on each side of
the Esopus Creek.
On
There,
squatting upon the ground, wrapt in their blankets, carefully guarding the
children, the old squaws with wondering eyes watch the white men.
And
there, too, we may be sure, are the belles of the tribe, with their sharp black
eyes glancing admiringly at the brilliantly clothed soldiers. They are decked
out in all their finery. A coat of finely dressed skin or bright cloth, girth
around the waist, the skirt decorated with wampum, extends to the ankles. The
long black hair hangs in a braid down the back into which strings of wampum are
twisted. A head band around the forehead is fastened behind in a beaus knot.
Bracelets of wampum are twisted about the wrists and a necklace of the same
around the throat.
There
were the pioneers. Redheaded Tom Chambers, Stoll, van der Sluys, and the rest
of them, scowling at their foes. And there, sword by
his side, dressed in slashed hose fastened at the knee by a knotted scarf; a
velvet jacket with slashed sleeves over a full puffed shirt, knee breeches,
rosettes upon his shoes, standing firmly on his wooden leg with silver bands,
is the governor of
Stuyvesant,
speaking through Stoll, who acted as interpreter, told the Indians that they
had asked the whites to come to Esopus. They did not own or desire to own a
foot of land they did not pay for. No harm had been done to them since he had
been governor. He asked them why they had killed the hogs and destroyed the
property of the settlers. Why they had set fire to their houses,
killed Jacobsen and continually threatened to kill them all. He had come to
learn the truth. He did not desire to make war or punish the innocent if the
murderer was delivered up and the house paid for. One of the chiefs replied
that the Dutch sold the "boisson" (brandy) to his people which made
them "cacheus" (drunk). That then the young men could not be controlled.
It was a Neversink Indian who had committed the murder and he was now living
near Haverstroo. The Indian who had fired the house had run away.
They
had not harmed the whites. They did not intend to fight but could not control
the young men. At this the anger of the governor blazed up. If the young braves
wanted to fight they could do it then and there. He would match them man with
man, twenty against thirty or even forty. Now was the time for them to fight
instead of injuring the farmers, their wives and children who could not fight.
If they did not stop he would destroy their crops, kill all of them and capture
their women and children. He did not want to do that but they must pay the
owner for his house, surrender up the murderer if he again came among them and
do no more evil in the future. The people were going to move together and live
in one place. It would be best if they sold him all their land in that vicinity
and moved inland. To all of this the Indians said they would consider it, and
"as the day was sinking" the meeting broke up. Stuyvesant again met
them. They said they were ashamed of what had happened, but more because their
young men had not dared to accept his challenge to fight. They would harm no
one in the future and gave the governor six or seven strings of wampum and he
in return gave them "two coats and two pieces of duffel," and again
asked them to sell him the land where the settlement was to be formed which
they promised to do. On the fourth of June, they came to him and stated that
they had agreed to give him the land on which the settlement was being made "to
grease his feet" because of the long journey he had made to come to see
them. In the future they would not harm the Dutch but would live like brothers.
To which the governor replied that they would do the same if they kept their
promises.
In
the meantime the inhabitants and the soldiers had been constructing the
stockade and digging the moat. On the 6th of June Stuyvesant, finding that he
was out of gun powder and needed some plank for a guard house, sailed away to
On
the 12th he returned, bringing with him "160 hemlock boards, 100 five and
six inch, iron pins and an anker of brandy for the people working at the
Esopus, as none had been put aboard or sent to me nor had I any for my own
private use."
He
found everyone at work and two sides of the stockade completed. On Sunday, the
16th, he looked over the land not yet purchased "and found it suitable for
fifty bouweries." He was so pleased with the Esopus that he set the
carpenters at work getting out lumber to build him a barn, for he had long
intended to begin the cultivation of his land there. On the 17th and the 18th
the palisades on the north side were put up, which was harder work because it
could not be made so straight as the others. A guard house, made of boards,
twenty-three feet long and sixteen feet wide, was built in the northeast corner
of the enclosure. The carpenters engaged by Mrs. de Hulter to remove her
house, barns, and sheds and others to build a bridge over the kill began their
work. The stockade was completed on the 20th. On the 21st and the 22nd the
houses of Chambers and Stoll were torn down and removed to the stockade and the
beams for their barns put up. On the 25th, leaving twenty‑four soldiers
under Sergeant Andries Lourensen as a guard, the governor and the rest of the
troops sailed for
Then
they went back to their unfinished homes within the stockade. There was a merry
time in Esopus that night, in which the anker of brandy played its part. But by
and by the revels ceased. Sleep fell upon the settlement. Outside the stockade,
wrapped in their blankets, were the Indians. What dreams came to them. Slowly
the night stole along. The pioneers slept soundly that night. Not a sound was
heard save now and then the howl of a wolf in the thicket and the occasional
scream of a panther falling on the startled night wind like the cry of a human
being lost and wandering in the forest, while the stars looked down upon the
new made village in the land of the Esopus.
CHAPTER IV
THE
summer of 1658 was a hard one on the farmers. The continual rain spoilt the
crops. The "worm" destroyed the oats. A freshet carried away the
bridge over the kill.
The work
of erecting the houses went on but was delayed because some of the people over
the creek had not yet moved their dwellings. Although the
hatchet had been buried with all due solemnity the Indians continued
troublesome. They killed the horses of Mrs. de Hulter, a mare of Stoll,
and worse than all, stole the "duffels and shirts" of van der Sluys.
Early in August over five hundred of them appeared about the settlement, but
after a few days disappeared, to the great relief of the inhabitants.
On
[p.
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They
said they would consult the other chiefs and give an answer the next day. On
the morrow, after a long talk, they agreed that Mrs. de Hulter could have her
land for the killing of her horses. They had given Stoll seventy strings of
wampum for his mare. That as for the land, Kaelcop was absent and Poenap, their
greatest land owner, was at
They
did not appear the next day, so Stuyvesant sent Stoll and Marten Metselaer (the
mason) to them, who returned with the report that the chiefs had "made
game of them," that they did not intend to make satisfaction, "as
they considered what they had done of no consequence."
Stuyvesant
left in disgust, leaving Ensign Dirck Smith in supreme command with twenty‑five
men to be added to the present garrison of twenty‑five. The ensign was
instructed to give out the countersign and keep everything in good order. With
the assistance of the inhabitants he should at once secure the settlement,
mount a guard at the two gates and the guard house day and night, allow no
Indian to enter the inclosure without the permission of Stoll and Chambers. No
hostile act should be committed against the Indians unless they were the
aggressors and then only in defense. The plowing and sowing should be kept up
only when a guard of twenty of twenty‑five men could be given, all of the
inhabitants must work together taking their arms with them.
On
Stoll,
Chambers and Ensign Smith wrote all this to Stuyvesant. They told him he ought
to give the Indians some presents in return. "The proverb says, a child's
hand is soon filled, your Honor could easily fill their hands, upon which they
sincerely rely, and say as before, they will see thereby your Honor's good
heart and be assured, that your Honor forgives them their misconduct and say,
quits." Those worthy Dutchmen conclude their letter with this most
important postscript:--"All this talking has been done with dry lips. Your
Honor may imagine, how zealously we have set here with these kings, but we
hope, your Honor will remember his servants and give us something good for our
lungs, which we could apply ourselves, if we had it."
It
was a fair, square deal. Those Indians gave the land on the promise that they
should receive some presents in return. White men, your representatives' Governor,
made that promise. You had better see that it is kept, Governor. Look out. Be
careful. Do not lie to them. If you do they may take payment in the blood of
those Dutchmen at Esopus.
All
was quiet during the winter of 1658‑9. The Indians had gone to their
villages. Esopus lay under the snow. The creek was frozen over. The great trees
groaned and creaked as the icy wind swept through their branches. The oxen
waded slowly through the snow drifts hauling fire wood to the village. The logs
blazed in the huge fireplaces, while the smoke floated up through the hole in
the thatched roof. The hogs had been butchered and turned into salt pork, hams
and sausage. Wild turkeys were plentiful. Bear and venison steak could be had
for a gun shot. They were a good‑natured, merry people. We may be sure
many a good dinner was served, many a frolic held. At Christmas time Santa
Claus did not forget the children in the Esopus. On Sunday divine service was
held. Led by van de Sluys they sang the same hymns their fathers had sung in
the land across the water. So the winter wore away and then came the spring and
summer of 1659. A summer long to be remembered in the Esopus.
The
settlers were early at work getting the seed sown. George Westphael fenced
Stuyvesant's land, got the oats planted but the seed wheat came too late. The
governor's oxen "drew well" and the plowing went merrily on. The
farmers agreed to work together, each helping the other, so that a guard of
soldiers could be given. Cornelis Slecht and William Jansen broke this
agreement without giving notice to anyone.
The
laborers, who earned high wages, refused to do guard duty, so this fell upon the
shoulders of the few inhabitants. They wanted some kind of a court so that
everybody "could be made to go along." They intended to build a
redoubt of sods near the guard house. All this was written Stuyvesant. They
requested him to send them "the little bell from
Stuyvesant
was short of drums, so he immediately wrote to the directors of the company in
The
Indians were quiet, but each side was distrustful and suspicious of the other.
Danger lurked in the air. The Indians were sullen. They murmured because they
had not received the presents for their land. They believed they had been lied
to. That the promise had been made to keep them quiet and then unexpectedly
attack them. They complained that their corn pits had been robbed, some beaver
skins taken and that Boertsen had beaten one of them and pointing a knife at
his breast had threatened to kill him.
There
were rumors that they intended to build a fort on the land they had given
Stuyvesant. They were making bows and arrows day and night. Sergeant Lourissen
was warned by a Mohawk "Amiros" to be on his guard because the
Indians intended to attack them at harvest time. Claes de Ruyter was told not
to settle in the Esopus because the savages intended to go to war. The chief
Kaelcop told "Kit Davids" he had better move away from the strand.
This same "Kit" continued "at his old tricks" of selling
liquor to the Indians and telling them lies as to the intentions of the
soldiers.
In
September Stuyvesant sent additional troops under Ensign Dirck Smith with three
light cannons. On
At his request the Classis of Amsterdam sent over the Rev. Hermannus Blom. He and dominie Megapolensis of New Amsterdam came to Esopus, and on Sunday, the 17th of August, Blom preached two sermons. So well did the people like him that on the very same day they "called" him to become their pastor. On the afternoon of that day Megapolensis had an interview with the Indians. They told him they had no evil intentions toward the whites. There was no truth in such reports. They had patiently borne the blows given them. They had quietly suffered four of their corn heaps to be taken. They showed seventeen staves of wood by which they signified that they had been wrongfully beaten that number of times. They were willing to keep the peace. They would prefer to submit to many things but they expected Stuyvesant would keep his promises as to the presents, for so long as that was not done they would think the general did not intend to remain at peace. The only reply the good dominie could make was that Stuyvesant was sick. As soon as he was well he would visit them.
On
the 17th of September, 1659, Jacob Jansen Stoll sent Stuyvesant six bushels of
seed wheat and asked him to send him "a piece of good linen for
shirts." He says:-‑"What regards the savages, they are very
quiet, but we do not know, what intentions the Almighty has concerning
us."
Yes,
they are quiet. Perhaps they will remain so if those presents come and if
you keep the "boisson" from their lips. You had better do it Stoll.
There is danger in the air.
CHAPTER V
IT
was autumn in the Esopus. The summer was dying. The grain had all been
gathered. The corn cut and shocked. Now and then a breeze, sweeping down from
the mountains, foretold the colder blasts that were to come. The air, hazy and
tremulous, wrapped valley and mountain in a thin, transparent curtain of gold.
The mill stream and the creek ran drowsily as if ready for their winter's
sleep. The birds were winging their way southward. The first light frosts had
touched the wild flowers and the leaves. Every tree was a rainbow of color.
The Catskills glowed with splendor never laid on canvas. All was quiet in the
Esopus. It was
Back
to his comrades he went. They were lying on the ground crying, maudlin drunk.
"Why do you cry, I have brought brandy?" he said. At that they began
to laugh and clap their hands. Around went the bottle. Then a fight started. At
this two of the eight left. Around went the bottle. One of them fired off his
gun charged with powder only. It was ten or
Ensign Smith ordered Sergeant Lourissen to take nine
or ten men, to go out one gate of the fort, return by the other and4see what
was the matter. He was ordered not to fight or molest anyone. In a little while
one of the soldiers returned and reported that the commotion was caused by some
Indians. Meanwhile, Jacob Jansen Stoll, although undressed to go to bed,
appeared at the fort, gun in hand, followed by some of the inhabitants. The
ensign ordered more men to go out. Stoll volunteered to accompany them and he,
with Jacob Jansen van Stoutenburgh, Thomas Higgins, Gysbert Pjilipsen Van
Velthuysen, Evert Pels, Jan Artsen and Berent Hermansen left the fort with the
soldiers. The Indians lay about their camp fire in a drunken stupor. Suddenly
one of them staggered to his feet. He was not quite as drunk as the others. He
stood as if listening. Turning to the others he said:--"Come let us go
away, I feel it in my body that we shall all be killed." They laughed at
him and replied:-‑"You are crazy, who would kill us? We would not
kill the Dutch, we have done them no harm, why, then, should they kill us and
we have nothing to fear from other Indians?" "Yes," said the
other, "that is true, but I am nevertheless so heavy hearted. Come, let us
go, we shall surely be killed, may it come from whatever side it pleases, my
heart is full of fears." Then he went off, hid his goods, and came back
for one more drink. Ah, that last drink, for just then they heard the bushes
crackle. They started to run. Too late. The white men
were there. Crack went the guns. A sheet of flame lit up the darkness. One
Indian was shot in the head. Another captured. At one poor wretch they fired
continually, nearly taking his clothes from the body. They tried to take him
prisoner. Drunk as he was, all the courage of his race came back to him:
"Come, kill me, I am not afraid," he defiantly shouted and bounded
away in the bushes. By the fire lay another, asleep, dead drunk. They cut him
in the head with a sword. He jumped up, ran away a little distance "and
the Dutch then ran back to the fort" and reported that the Indians had
fired first.
There
was no justification for this dastardly deed. It was a cold blooded murder.
Stuyvesant wrote to the directors of the company in
Jeremias
van Rensselaer, writing from Rensselaerswyck to his brother, speaking of the
war that followed, says, "It was commenced in a wholly disorderly manner,
and the Dutch are most to blame, for they first shot an Indian."
After
reading all the evidence, the directors of the West India Company in
Ensign
Smith was very angry that his order not to fight or molest anyone had been
disobeyed. He knew the consequences of what had been done. It meant war to the
knife. He had already received orders from Stuyvesant to come to
The
news of what had occurred had spread among the Indians. They had already taken
up the hatchet to avenge their slaughtered brother. On the return of the party
they were surrounded by a large body of Indians. Jacob Jansen Stoll was
mortally wounded. Lewies, the Frenchman, was killed. Resistance was useless.
Thirteen in all, including the sergeant, surrendered and were carried off
prisoners. Here are their names. Sergeant Andries Lourissen, Thomas Chambers, a
son of Evert Pels, Abraham Vosburgh, Jacob Jansen Stoll, Pieter Hillebrant,
Abraham Pieterze, William Carpenter, Pieter Lamertzen, Pieter de Buer, Pieter
Dircks and his "man," a carpenter, by name Abraham.
Stoll
died from his wounds in October. Chambers was exchanged for an Indian prisoner.
Pieter Hillebrant and Pieter Lamertzen were returned by the Indians in November,
1659. Sergeant Lourissen either escaped or was ransomed, for he returned to
The
farmers living in the outlying settlements, fearing another Indian uprising,
began fleeing to
For
two days rat‑a‑tat, rat‑a‑tat, rat‑a‑tat
sounded the drums in the crooked streets of
[p.
40]
Nothing
daunted Stuyvesant who drafted the workmen from his farms and even the clerks
in his office. To these he added six soldiers from New Haerlem and three from
On
Sunday the company of citizens, numbering about one hundred, with the office
clerks and trainmen and twenty‑four or twenty‑six Englishmen
accompanied by about as many friendly Indians from
The
Mohawks had heard of the attack at Esopus. In October, 1659, two of their
chiefs appeared before the council at
The
winter of 1659‑1660 passed without further trouble. Occasionally some of
the Indians visited the settlement and traded deer and wild turkey for powder.
Each
party distrusted the other. Stuyvesant wrote Ensign Smith to be on his guard.
Not to allow any of the Indians further into the fort than the house of Thomas
Chambers "between the palisades." If possible to capture
some of them but not to do so unless it could be immediately followed up by an
attack on their nearest village.
On
On
These
propositions were communicated by the magistrates at
In
May, 1660, Stuyvesant sent Claes de Ruyter to Esopus to negotiate with the
Indians. He instructed him to endeavor to obtain an interview with them and
inform them that they must come to
While
these endeavors of the Indians to bring about a peace were going on a desultory
war was being waged. In March, 1660, an attack was made on one of their
villages, during which three or four of them were killed. Stuyvesant,
who was then at Esopus, sent twelve prisoners to
In
April, 1660, Ensign Smith with forty‑five men lay in ambush for the
Indians a short distance from the fort, but the Indians discovered them and
fled. One was killed and one prisoner taken. Three of the whites had their
horses killed under them.
On a
May morning in 1660, Ensign Smith with seventy‑five men marched up the
Rondout Creek to raid an Indian village. The Indians disappeared in the woods. All but one. All but Preumaecker the
oldest chief of the Esopus. There he stood confronting the officer and
his seventy‑five men. Let Ensign Smith describe the scene. "As he
was a very old man and spoke arrogant words to our men, saying, 'what are you
doing here, you dogs,' and aimed his gun at us, we took away his gun and six
knives and a hatchet, and as it was a great distance we could not take him
along and therefore gave him a whack with his own hatchet." A brave deed, O Ensign Smith. You already held his son captive.
You had disarmed him. But he was a very old man, and it was a long distance
back to Esopus so--you killed him. A dastardly deed, O Ensign
Smith. You will hear of it once again when the toma‑hawk spatters
the brains of the men, women and children upon the ground and the flames of
their homes light up the sky.
In
June, 1660, Stuyvesant dispatched Claes de Ruyter to Esopus to receive the proposals
of peace made by the Indians. He reported to Stuyvesant that they wished chiefs
would meet him. Stuyvesant, accompanied by Marten Cregier and Oloff Stevenson
van Cortland, left New Amsterdam for Esopus
Kaelcop,
Seewackemano, Neskahewan and Paniyruways appear for their people of whom a
large number were present.
The
settlers were all there. Stuyvesant told the Indians that they had burned
houses of the Dutch, attacked the village, killed the prisoners taken by them
and stole the ransom that was ready for them. Nevertheless, he was willing to
forgive all this, and at the solicitation of the other tribes make a lasting
peace with them. The chief of the Maquas then addressed the Esopus. He said
that the whole country was assembled on their account to solicit and conclude a
peace for them. If a treaty was not made and they began war he and the other
chiefs would not intercede for them. They must not kill any horses or cattle,
nor steal anything, but they must buy or earn it and live with the Dutch like
brothers. Addressing the settlers he admonished them that they should not begin
war and should not box the ears of the Indians and then ridicule them. Taking a
hatchet from one of the Esopus chiefs he threw it upon the ground and trampled
it into the earth, saying:--"Now they shall not begin again for their
lives" to which the Esopus chiefs responded, "Now we have let the
hatchet be taken from us and trampled into the ground, we shall not take it up
again in eternity."
The
terms of the treaty were then discussed and agreed upon. In token of its
acceptance Stuyvesant presented each of the Esopus chiefs with a "piece of
cloth" and delivered them three of their number who had been taken
prisoners. He gave each of the chiefs of the other tribes a piece of cloth. The
treaty provided that all hostilities should cease, and all injuries forgotten
and forgiven by either side.
The
Esopus Indians promised to convey to Stuyvesant all the territory of the Esopus
and remove to a distance from there, without ever returning again to plant.
This tract of land was the low lands bordering the village and extending two or
three miles on each side of the Esopus Creek.
They
also promised to pay Stuyvesant in return for the ransom taken for the captured
whites five hundred schepels of corn. They agreed to keep the treaty inviolable,
not to kill any animals of the Dutch or if it should happen to be done the
chiefs were to pay for it, and in case of their refusal one of them was to be
kept a prisoner or under arrest until the loss was paid or made good. The Dutch
were to do them no harm. If the Dutch should kill a savage or the savages a
Dutchman war should not be immediately commenced on that account but complaint
should be made and the murderers delivered up to be punished as they deserved.
The Indians should not come armed to the Dutch farms or houses but might come
and go and trade as before. As the last war was caused by drunken people no
savage should be allowed to drink brandy or strong liquor in or near the Dutch
settlements but must go with it to their land or to some distant place in the
woods. The old annals quaintly state that the treaty was agreed upon
"under the blue sky."
But a
cloud hung on the horizon. It grew and expanded, black and portentous. In the
years to come it blotted out the heavens and its folds were crimsoned by the
flames roaring upward from the ruins of Wildwyck.
Only a
few days before he left for Esopus to conclude the treaty, Stuyvesant had the
Indian prisoners held by him transported to
The
Indians never forgot and never forgave it. It was in revenge for this, more
than for any other reason, that they laid Wildwyck in ashes in 1663.
Stuyvesant
owned land at Esopus from which he derived considerable revenue. The rich
meadows bordering the Esopus Creek were the most productive in the colony.
There was no forest. They were ready for the plow. Stuyvesant tried to obtain them
from the Indians in 1658 but failed.
He
and the settlers at Esopus looked upon them with covetous eyes. The attacks of
the whites upon the Indians; the repeated refusal of Stuyvesant to listen to
any proposals for peace unless the chiefs came to New Amsterdam; and the
declaration of war were prompted more by a desire to obtain these fertile
fields for nothing than by a desire to punish the Indians for wrongs committed
by them. The boast of some of the historians of
Several
causes lay at the bottom of all the trouble between the whites and the Indians.
To the Dutch the red men were but savages. They stood in their way. They had no
rights which they were bound to respect. They were outside the pale of justice
and of law. To kill one was no crime. The Dutch failed to keep the promises
made them, stole their property, beat them, and generally treated them with
derision and contempt. The Indians were certain to avenge such acts as the
deliberate killing of the old chief, Preumaecker, and the murder of their
drunken brethren at Esopus. Nearly every injury done to the whites by the
Indians was in retaliation for offences against them by the Dutch. Still those
Dutchmen were no worse than other men of that day. No worse than the men of
this day and generation. The same story has been written whenever and wherever
the civilized man confronts the uncivilized.
The
root of all the trouble was the traffic in intoxicating liquor carried on with
them by the Dutch. When the red man was himself he was quiet, inclined to
peace, well satisfied with a piece of gay cloth, a trinket, an axe, or a little
powder. When brandy took possession of him he became, as his white brother
became, a maudlin, reeling fool, a stupid, ugly brute, or a demon incarnate.
Every one recognized the evil. The council at
CHAPTER VI
DURING
the years 1661 and 1662 life in the village ebbed peaceably along. Its quiet
was unbroken save by an occasional row between some of its contentious
citizens. The Indians made no disturbance. In May, 1661, grants of land were
made, by lot, to Hendrick Hartensen, Harmen Hendrick, Jan
Jansen from Amesfoort, Jacob Barentsen, Jan Lootman, Jacob Joosten, Willem
Jansen, Pieter van Haelen, Matthys Roeleffs, Jan Willemse, Anthony Creupel, and
Gerret Jansen van Campen.
The inhabitants of Esopus were ordered to have their land surveyed by the sworn surveyor within six months. Have it marked and divided by proper signs and, upon certificate of the survey, were to receive a deed for it.
The
settlement had grown in numbers and importance. The time had arrived when some
form of government should be established. On
"Peter
Stuyvesant, Governor and Director‑General, commissioned and authorized in
the control of all matters relating to the public good of all the territories
of New Netherland, by virtue of the authority and permission of the Honorable
Lords, the Directors of the Privileged West India Company, Greeting:‑-The
aforesaid valiant Director‑General, Peter Stuyvesant, observing the
situation and condition of the place called 'Esopus' already inhabited six or
seven years, and pleased thereat, hath, in consideration of its state and
population, erected our place into a village, and honored it with the name of
Wildwyck by which name it shall hereafter be called."
In
the records the name Wildwyck is variously spelled Wildwyck, Wiltwyck,
Wildtwyck, Wildwijck. The letters "ij" of the
Dutch in names have usually been transcribed as "y" in English.
While Swartwout kept the Wildwyck records he wrote the word
"Wildtwyck" afterward the more scholarly Capito, "Wildwyck"
and I have followed his spelling. Wilt is an old spelling of Wild meaning
"wild," "savage." The final "d" in Dutch words is
not pronounced as in English like a soft "d" but hard like
"t" so that the singular of "wilden" "savages"
in Dutch records is written "wilt" instead of "wild."
"Wyck" is an old form for modern "wijk" and means
"retreat," "refuge," "quarter." The authorities
differ as to the meaning of the word. Some give it as "A village or fort,
a refuge from the savages." "Wilt" also means "game"
and therefore others give it the meaning as "a place where game is abundant,"
as Beaverwyck means a place where beavers are plenty.
The
jurisdiction, power and authority of the court will be hereafter given. It held
its first session
Swartwout had a hard time getting his job. He was appointed
by the directors of the West India Company,
[p. 50]
The directors replied that they
were astonished at Stuyvesant's objections. Their judgment was sufficient in
the matter. He was old enough to be fit. If he was deficient in that respect he
had time enough to outgrow it. They wished their orders strictly obeyed.
Although the doughty old governor did not like it he thought it better to obey
the orders of the company and so commissioned Swartwout sheriff,
No person should perform any
work at his ordinary business on Sunday, whether plowing, winnowing, transporting
wood, hay, straw or grain, threshing, grinding or conveying any goods to or
from the strand, on the penalty of one pound Flemish ($2.40) for the first
offense, double as much for the second and four times double as much for the
third. No one should give entertainment in taverns, or sell or give away beer,
wine or any strong drink on Sunday under the above fine. If any person was
found drunk on Sunday he was fined one pound Flemish, for the benefit of the
officer, and be confined in the watch house during the pleasure of the court.
In order to prevent fires no person should construct any plastered or wooden
chimneys or kindle any fire in houses with walls or gables made of straw, or in
the center on the floors of other houses covered with thatch unless there be a
good, solid plank ceiling in the house.
The
court should appoint two fire wardens. They should every fourteen days or three
weeks inspect all houses and chimneys and see that they were properly
constructed and cleaned. The negligent should be fined as above mentioned.
In order to prevent damage to
the cornfields by horses, cattle and hogs everyone must keep tight his fences
and gates. A pound, in which the animals doing damage were to be restrained was ordered erected. The owner of the animals
should be fined for the damage done. Every person must fence his lot within
four months and build on the same within one year, without selling or conveying
to others, in default of which the court must grant the lot to others "who
are better disposed and more industrious." As the stockade had begun to
decay and openings had been made in the same which remained unclosed during the
night, "to the imminent danger of the place and advantage of the
enemy" the sergeant was commanded to repair it. All openings must be
closed at night. If anyone did not close and shut at night what he had opened
during the day he should be fined for the first offense three guilders, for the
second double as much and for the third two pounds Flemish.
Dominie Blom took charge of the
congregation at Wildwyck in September, 1660. In 1661 a parsonage was erected.
In order to pay its cost the court, on
The following were the persons
assessed and the amounts expressed in guilders:
Cornelis
Barentsen Slecht, tenant on the bouwery
of Mrs. d'Hulter, 64 morgens 160.00
which he has neither survey nor patent estimated
at 25 morgens 62.10
Mrs. de
Hulter's unsurveyed pasture land, estimated
at 25 morgens 62.10
Michiel Foure, 4 morgens 10.00
The following house lots of those who have no farmlands:
Andries van der Sluys, lot 10.00
Jan
Aerts, smith, voluntarily offers 20.00
Michiel
Fouree 12.00
Jan
Broese 10.00
Andries
Baerents 12.00
Hendrick
Cornelisse assessed 20.00
Hendrick
jochemse, offers 20.00
Jan
Jansen, carpenter, assessed 10.00
Jacob Barents, offers 12.00
Jacob Joosten, offers 12.00
Pieter
van Aelen, assessed 10.00
Matthys
Roelofse, offers 15.00
Jacob Burhamse, offers 20.00
Gerrit
van Campen 10.00
Jan de
Backer offers 1000 bricks.
Willem
Jansen 12.00
The amount realized from the
foregoing tax not being sufficient to cover the cost of the parsonage
Stuyvesant, on
The names of those who paid the
tax and the sum paid, expressed in guilders (a guilder 40 cents), are as
follows:
Pieter Hillebrantz 2 Jan Barentz Snyder 14
Aelbert Gyssbertz 12 Michiel Verbruggen 1
Jacob Burhams 71‑ 14 Jan Pierssen 12
Gerret Forcken 12 Wouter Aelbertz 24
Walraeff du Mont 24 Thomas Swartwout 12
man 1 De jonge Gesellen 2
bander 14 Arent Jacobs 4
Jan
Barentz Backer 6 Dom. Herm. Blom 58
Michiel Verre 3 Jan van
Gertruyd Andriessen 14 Jan Aertsen Smit 17
sawyer 13 Dirck Wilmssen 9
Evert Pelsen 40 Schout Swartwout 32
Hendrick Hendrix 4 Pieter Martensen 2
Claes Pietersen 2 Pieter Jellissen 2
Sergeant Christiaen 23 Jonas Rantzoo 5
Ariaen Huyberts 1 Tjarck Glaessen 8
Maryken Huygen 6 Kerst Kerstensen 2
Pieter, the miller 2 Gerrit van Campen 2
Bart Siebrantz 22 Hendrick Jansen Loo‑
Wilm. Jansen
Stoll 4 Jan du Parcq 2
Wilm. van Vreden‑ Marten
Harmsen 17
Gyssbert
Gyssbert
A total of 1111.15 guilders, a little over $444.
On
In order that the cornfields
might not be damaged by animals running at large on the road the same should be
travelled only with wagons or horses under bridle or in traces. Loose cattle or
foals beside the mares should not be driven over the road under penalty of one
pound Flemish for each animal so driven. A swing gate should be erected at the
beginning of the road and always kept closed by a person appointed by the court
for that purpose. He should receive for opening and closing the gate such sum
as the owners of the farms should agree upon. From others and those with whom
he could not agree he should receive one stiver for each opening, two stivers
for each freight or pleasure wagon and one stiver for each person therein. Some
of those taxed for the building of the parsonage failed to pay. The salary of
dominie Blom was in arrears. There was a short crop of grain. Not sufficient
for the garrison. For these reasons Stuyvesant, on
On the same day all persons
were forbidden from receiving any articles in pawn from the soldiers at the
garrison, under a penalty of twenty‑five guilders for the benefit of the
garrison and in addition of restoring the pledged articles without the
redemption money.
Nearly all the buildings in the
village had thatched roofs of reeds or straw. The people were in the habit of
burning straw and other refuse in the streets, thus exposing the buildings to
damage or destruction by fire. On
The dangerous practice was
continued as late as 1664, for on November 14, of that year, the court ordered
that all straw and rubbish should be carted across the mill dam.
Each person must clean the
street in front of his own lot within four days, under a penalty of ten
guilders.
It appearing in November, 1662,
that openings had again been made in the stockade the same were ordered to be
closed within twice twenty‑four hours with palisades or proper doors
with locks, provided the key be returned every night to the guard house. Every
person offending was to be fined one pound Flemish.
In the same month Sergeant
Christian Niessen applied for an increase in pay, saying that his present
salary was not enough to live on. He was allowed twenty guilders per month. The
rich valley of the Esopus was known to the residents about
Schuyler came from
Volckert Hanz, after 1651,
usually referred to as Volekert janz and Volckert Janz Douw, is first mentioned
as working at Rensselaerswyck in 1647. He was a farmer and a trader. The
petitioners stated that as the prosperity of the province rested principally
upon agriculture and commerce they desired to establish a new village at the
Great Esopus, "where a great deal of uncultivated land lies." They
asked that a survey for a new village be made and that it be laid out in lots.
That forty or fifty morgens of land be granted them. They promised to
immediately enter upon the same, cultivate and build houses and barns on the
same.
They must also begin to
cultivate and fence the same or forfeit the land. All persons who had applied
for or received lots in the new village must fence them within six months or
forfeit the lots and a fine of twenty‑five guilders. Albert Heymans
Roose, Jan Joosten and Jan Gerrets were appointed overseers to see that the
work was done and the fines exacted.
April, 1663, the proprietors of
land at the new village petitioned the council at
The records of Wildwyck contain
two papers of great interest. One is a list of the persons to whom lots had
been granted prior to 1661 and during that year and 1662. The other shows the financial
condition of the village. They are here given entire.
Old
Lots
No. 8. Henry Zeewant ryger.
1. Thomas Chambers. 9. Andries the weaver.
2.
Evert Pels. 10.
Jan Brabanter.
3.
Balthazar Laser Stuy‑ 11.
Jan Brouwersen.
vesant. 12. Michiel the
first.
4.
Preachers house and 13.
Michiel Verre.
lot. 14. Jan
the smith.
5. Mrs.
de Hulter. 15.
Andries van der Sluys.
6.
Jacob Haps' little 16.
House and lot of
bouwery. Gertrey
Hansen lying
7.
Jacob Haps' second opposite
to Nos. 6
bouwery. and 7.
No. 16.
Dirck Adriaen.
1. Hendrick Jochemsen. 17. Matthys Capito.
2. Hendrick Martensen. 18. Jan Lammersen.
3. Harmen Hendricksen. 19. Carsten de Noorman.
4. Jan Jansen Timmer‑ 20. Barent
Gerretsen.
man. 21. The
Church Yard.
5. Jacob Barentsen. 22. Jan Barensen.
6. Jan de Backer. 23.
7. Jacob Joosten. 24. Alert Heymansen.
8. Willem Jansen. 25. Juriaen Westvael.
9. Pieter van Alen. 26. Nicolaes Willem Stuy
10. Matthys Roeloflsen. vesant.
11.
Jacob Beerhans. 27.
Albert Gysbertsen.
12.
Gerrit van Campen. 28.
Tjerick Glaesen.
13.
Anthony Crupel. 29.
Aert Jacobsen.
14.
Albert Gerretsen. 30.
Jan Schoon.
15.
Meerten Gysbert. 31.
Aert Pietersen Tach.
"Revenue and Expenditure
of the
including the
Building of the Ministers House.
Income
of
From
525 morgens.
The
land pays fl 2.10 st. per morgen in general,
which
computed gives a total of . . . . . . fl 1312.10 coin
The house lots, not paying land
tax, have
In wampum ....................................... 272.
f1
In coin ................................................ 136.
In coin ..................................................................... 136.
[p. 60]
The excise on wine and beer, farmed
out, has fetched so
far, that is to the
21st of November, 1662 1003.18
In wampum 1505.17
The Outlays for
the Ministers House.
Bricks,
tiles, lime, boards, wainscoting,
slating, iron, hinges, locks and nails, and
everything required for it
In wampum ............................................ 680.50
In coin ..................................................... 953.13
Paid
for wages of the carpenters and
masons, hod carrier, for freight of bricks,
tiles, boards to this
place
In wampum ................................................ 1387.5
In coin ......................................................... 570.
Reduced to coin .......................................................... 1263.12.8
Board for the carpenters, masons and hod
carrier altogether
In coin ............................................................................ 450.
The
wampum reduced and added to the
coin makes it ........................................................... fl 3007.8
"Besides
the above there must be paid to the Court Messenger for the making and keeping in
repair of the gates, to Juriaen Westvael for hire of the house of Domine Blom,
who lived in his upper room, 80 florins."
New‑Year's day, 1663, was
ushered in with a parade of the trainband. Very brave and formidable they
looked marching through the snowy streets. At the open door
of every house stood mother and the children. The little ones, afraid at
the unusual sight, clung tight to her ample skirts. The boys ran along with the
troops, pelting each other with snowballs as they ran. Through the little
streets, around the stockade, they marched, trying to keep step with the drum
that had come from over the sea, while the colors of
After the parade the Citizen's
Council of War adopted and posted up an ordinance regulating the conduct of the
troops. Each one appearing for training without proper side and hand‑arms,
powder and lead, should, for the first time, be fined twelve guilders; for the
second time double that sum; and the third time according to the judgment of
the court‑martial. Each one absent or coming late was to be fined two
guilders, sergeants, corporals, and lancepesades double that sum. In case of
an alarm of fire the members of the captain's squad were to assemble at Barent
Gerretsen's, the brandy distiller; the lieutenants
squad near Albert Gysbertsen's, the wheelwright; and the third squad at
Hendrick Jochemsen's. No one should appear while intoxicated. Any one swearing
or profaning God's holy name and sacraments should be fined twenty‑five
guilders. The magistrates thinking that these regulations infringed upon their
prerogative of enacting ordinances tore down the same which does not seem to
have caused any bad blood between the parties.
The day ended with an
entertainment given the soldiers by some of the villagers. What a feast they
must have had. Lucullus would have given his villa at
No disturbance broke the peace
of the village during the winter. Then spring came and the farmers were early
at work in the fields preparing the land for the seed. The Indians had been
quiet, very quiet. Still doubt and mistrust hung in the air. The sale of brandy
to them continued. It was certain to breed trouble. The traffic was carried on
at the new village. The magistrates wrote Stuyvesant that they had found half
an anker of "distilled water" at the house of Loweys Dubo (Louis
DuBois), a Walloon which had not been reported. They confiscated it
"because some mischief might result from it," and asked that an order
be made that the residents of the new village should pay the excise to the
collector, Jacob Boorhans, at Wildwyck, "for the liquor distilled here is
not to the taste of the savages which is for the advantage of the savages and
to the loss of the country."
The presents which had been
promised the Indians for the land at the new village had not been made. Early
in April, 1663, Stuyvesant was warned that if this were not done at once
trouble would ensue. But above and beyond all the captives
whom Stuyvesant had banished to the far off isle of
CHAPTER
IT was
The hatchet remained buried in
the earth. No one thought of danger. Through the streets strolled the Indians,
offering corn and beans for sale. They chattered with the women and laughed at
the children at play. Suddenly a horseman dashed through the mill gate,
shouting as he rode, "The Indians have destroyed the new village."
Instantly the dread war whoop of the red men was heard. Then a scream, wild and
piercing, the scream of a woman rang out. An Indian had snatched the little
girl of Jan Albert's and buried his hatchet in her head. Crack, crack went the
guns. Fire, some one shouted. A house on the south side of the village burst
into flame. The wind was blowing from that direction. The Indians had fired the
village. In a moment pandemonium reigned. Another house caught fire. Then another and another. The smoke rolled in red billows
through the streets. The sparks fell in showers. The flames roared upward. The
shrieks of the women and the wail of the children never ceased. Above it all
rang out the wild yells of the Indians as they ran through the streets,
slaughtering as they went. Through the palisades rushed Chambers. "Lock
the gates." "Clear the gun," he shouted. In a few moments the
handful of men turned on the Indians. It was too late. They were already
outside the stockade driving the women and children before them. Mothers
clasped their babes in their arms, shrieking, crying as they were forced along.
On, on to the woods the Indians drove them. Their piteous wails floated back
ever faint and fainter until the forest shut them from the sight of the
helpless men in the village. The wind changed to the west. This was all that
saved the village from being entirely consumed. The men began to return from
the fields. What a scene of desolation greeted them. The homes of many were
burned. The dead lay in the streets. The half burned bodies of wife and child
smoked in the hot ashes of their homes. Well did Dominie Blom say:‑-"I am he who hath seen misery in the day of
the wrath of the Lord. O my Bowels‑-my Bowels. I am pained at my very
heart, and with Jeremiah, O that my head were water, and mine eyes a fountain
of tears, that I might weep for the slain of my people; for the dead lay as
sheaves behind the mower."
Here is the record of that day,
written many, many years ago. No pen can give a more graphic picture.
"List
of the Soldiers and Settlers, killed, wounded, or taken prisoners by the
Indians at Wildwyck, on
MEN
Barent Gerretsen,
murdered in front of his house.
Jan Alberts,
murdered in his house.
Lichten Dirrick,
murdered on the farm.
Willem Jansen Seba, murdered before his door.
Willem Jansen Hap, murdered in Pieter van Hael's house.
Jan the
Smith, murdered in his house.
Hendrick Jansen Looman, murdered on the farm.
Thomas Chamber's negro, murdered on the farm.
Hey
Olferts, murdered in the gunner's house.
SOLDIERS
Hendrick
Martensen, on the farm.
Dominicus,
in Jan Alberts' house.
Christiaen
Andriessen, on the street.
WOMEN
Lichten Dirrecks' wife burnt,
with her lost fruit, behind Barent Gerretsen's house.
Mattys Capito's wife killed and
burnt in the house.
Jan
Albertsen's wife, big with child, killed in front of her house.
Pieter van Hael's wife shot and
burnt in her house.
CHILDREN
Jan
Alberts' little girl murdered with her mother.
Willem
Hap's child burned alive in the house.
TAKEN
PRISONERS
Master Gysbert's wife. (She
was the wife of Gysbert van Imbroach, a surgeon, and the daughter of La Montagne,
vice director at
Hester Douwe.
Sara,
the daughter of Hester Douwe.
Grietje,
Dominie Laer's wife. (The wife of a Luthern
dominie.)
Femmetje, sister of Hilletje, being recently married to Joost Ariaens.
Children
Tjerck
Claessen de Witt's oldest daughter.
Dominie
Laer's child.
Ariaen
Gerritsen's daughter.
Two
little boys of Mattys Roeloffsen.
KILLED
IN THE
Marten Harmensen found dead and
stript naked behind the wagon.
Jacques
Tyseen beside Barent's house.
Derrick Ariaensen shot in his
house.
TAKEN PRISONERS
Men
Jan
Gerritsen on Volckert's bouwery.
Women
Children
Of Lowis du Bois ......................................... . 1 3
Of Mattheu Blanchan ................................................... 1 2
Of Antoni Crupel .......................................................... 1 1
Of Lambert Huybertsen ............................................... 1 3
Of Marten Harmensen .
............................. .. 1 4
Of Jan Joosten ................................................................ 1 2
Of Barent Harmensen .................................. 1 1
Of Jan Barents ................................................................ 1 1
Of Michiel Ferre . ................................... ....................... . 2
Of Hendrick Jochems ................................................... . 1
Of Hendrick Martensen ............................................... . 1
Of Albert Heymans ....................................................... . 2
Women‑Children .......................................................... 8* 26
[* sic;
this column adds to 9! -- JR]
HOUSES
BURNT IN WILDWYCK
Of
Mattys Roeloffsen 1 Of
Jacob Boerhans 2
The new village is entirely destroyed, except
a new uncovered barn, one rick and a little stack of reed.
WOUNDED
IN WILDWYCK
Thomas Chambers, shot in the
woods.
Henderick Jochemsen, shot in
his house.
Michiel Ferre, shot in front of
his house. (Died of his wounds
Albert Gerretsen, shot in front
of his house.
Andries Barents, shot in front
of his house.
Jan du Parck, shot in the house
of Aert Pietersen Tack.
Henderick,
the Heer Director General's servant, in the street in front of Aert Jacobsen.
Paulus
the Noorman, in the street."
It will be observed from the
above that most of the persons taken prisoners came from the new village.
(Hurley.)
News of the massacre reached
Stuyvesant on
On the 14th he was at Wildwyck.
Christiaen Niessen, the commander of the militia; Thomas Chambers, the captain
of the train band; Hendrick Jochemsen, the lieutenant; Swartwout, the Schout;
and Albert Gysbertsen, Tjrick Cleassen de Witt, Gysbert van Imbrogh, the
magistrates, were appointed a council to take charge of all matters. The people
were commanded to obey its orders. Matheus Capito was appointed secretary. The
council at
Johan de Decker, one of the
council, was sent to
Decker did not meet with much
success. The Senecas were at war with the Minquas. The settlers were panic
stricken at the news from Wildwyck and flocked to the fort for protection. All
was in confusion and nothing could be done.
At last an Indian, "Smiths
Jan," accompanied by several Mohawks and "Jan Dirck," a Dutchman,
were prevailed upon to visit the Esopus Indians.
These Mohawks reached the fort
of the Indians. One of them by a present of a piece of wampum got one of the
Esopus chiefs, who had Mrs. van Imbroch in charge, to promise to deliver her to
him in the morning. But at dawn the Esopus and his captive had gone. The other
chiefs offered to return the wampum which the Mohawks indignantly refused,
saying that if they had their arms with them they would take the woman by
force. The party returned to Wildwyck and reported that the Indians cared not
so much for the captured savages as for payment for the land
taken for the
A creek, not deep, and which
could be easily crossed washed one corner. There were two rows of palisades and
a third was being erected. The fort had two gates, one to the north and the
other to the south. About thirty men were in the fort. They manifested great anxiety
concerning their women and children and lodged them with the prisoners outside
the fort during the night.
On June 25th Stuyvesant issued
a call for volunteers for an attack on the Esopus Indians. They were offered
"free plundering and all the barbarians who are captured." For the
term of one year they were to be exempt from guardmounting, firewatch and
chimney tax. The owners of bouweries were exempt from tithes for six years and
those having no bouweries to have the same exemption when they established
bouweries in addition to the ten years commonly allowed. Those wounded were to
be properly treated by the surgeon.
For the loss of the right arm
they would receive eight hundred florins, for the left arm five hundred
florins, for the loss of a leg four hundred and fifty florins, for the loss of
both legs eight hundred florins, for the loss of an eye three hundred florins,
for both eyes nine hundred florins, for the loss of the right hand six hundred
florins, for the left hand four hundred florins, and for both hands one
thousand florins.
[p. 70]
Volunteers came in slowly. Only five or six from the English villages on
Cregier arrived at Wildwyck
Cregier seems to have had
considerable trouble with the people of the village. They did not manifest a
lively disposition to assist him. Some refused to furnish teams and wagons to
bring up supplies from the river. "Some refused to work for the company;
some gave for answer if another will cart I also shall
cart; some said, my horses are poor, I cannot cart; others said, my horses have
sore backs, and other such frivolous answers." Tjerck Classen de Wit,
although a magistrate, threatened to turn some soldiers out of a small house
they occupied. He said he had hired it, although he neither had possession
"nor procuration for it." Cregier told him that the soldiers would be
removed on condition that he, "as a magistrate, would have them billetted
in other houses as the men could not lie under the blue sky, and as they had
been sent here by the chief government for the defense of the settlers. But he
made no answer to this and so there are other ringleaders and refractory
people in this place."
While Cregier and the
magistrates were examining the Wappinger Indians at the house of Chambers as to
the whereabouts of the Esopus Albert Heymans Roose (Roosa) and Jan
Hendrickensen appeared at the door and threatened to shoot the Indians. Cregier
told them they must not do it. To which they replied, "We will do it though
you stand by." "I told them in return to go home and keep quiet or I
should send such disturbers to the Manhattans. They then retorted I might do
what I pleased, they would shoot the savages to the
ground, even though they should hang for it." Roosa, nothing daunted, came
into the room and told the magistrates that one of them should step out.
Cregier naively adds, "What his intention with him was I can't say."
To our mind it is very clear. Albert was a fighter. He thought he could lick
the entire court, at least one of its members.
It was now determined to attack
the Indian fort. The expedition, led by Cregier, started from Wildwyck on the
morning of
The Indians still lurked in the
woods about the village. To venture forth without protection was dangerous. On
August 4th, the Council of War adopted an ordinance forbidding either large or
small parties to leave the village without the consent of the Captain
Lieutenant and only under proper convoy of soldiers. To stop the waste of
powder and ball, every one unnecessarily discharging any firearm was to be
fined three guilders for each shot. The court was kept quite busy imposing
fines upon persons who violated these ordinances. The soldiers would get drunk
even on Sunday. Every member of the militia was, by ordinance, forbidden from
selling or pawning the goods advanced to him for liquor. All those engaged in
selling strong drink were prohibited from receiving such property for liquor
and from furnishing drinks on Sunday.
During the month of August the
farmers were busily engaged in getting in the grain. A great rain interfered
with the harvest and carried away several of the palisades of the fort.
Some of the Esopus were hiding
with the Wappinger Indians just north of
With
one of the Wappinger Indians as a guide, and Christoffel Davids as interpreter,
Cregier and his force left Wildwyck September 3, 1663, at one o'clock in the
afternoon, and marched three miles to the creek, "which runs past the
Redoubt." Here they passed the night. It rained very hard. The creek was
high, the current very swift. They got across by holding on to a rope they had
thrown across the stream. After a march of about four miles they camped for the
night. They set out at daybreak, on the morning of the 5th, and about
The fort destroyed was situated
in the town of
Demon rum still held sway. Some
of the villagers got so drunk "that they cannot distinguish even the door
of the house." Fights and brawls disturbed the peace. Something must be
done. So, on September 26th, the "valiant Council of War" directed
Schout Swartwout "to notify and forbid the tappers and retailers of
strong drink who follow the profession of selling liquor in this village, that
they do not under present circumstances sell strong drink to any one, be he
Christian or Indian, under forfeiture of the liquor that may be found in his
house."
October 7th, a girl who had
been held captive by an Indian at his but in the mountain on the other‑
side of the creek, escaped and returned to the village. On the 9th, forty of
the militia and the Marseping Indians (from
The stockade was in need of
repair. The Court ordered that each farmer should set up new palisades in front
of his lot. The others, being inhabitants or burghers, occupying thirty‑nine
lots in the village, should repair and place new palisades "from the water
gate along the curtains unto the lot of Arent Pietersen Tack." They must
be at least two feet in circumference and thirteen feet in length. Every person
must appear on Monday, October 22, at
November 7th, Lieutenant van
Couwenhoven returned from
On November 29th he was back
again, bringing six of the captives with him. For these he was given a captive
squaw and two children, thirty strings of wampum, one piece of cloth, two cans
of brandy, one-half an anker of brandy, fifteen strings of wampum, three yards
of duffel, and ten pounds of powder. He said that he had given wampum to
another Indian to look up the child of Albert Heymans (Roosa) and would bring
all the other prisoners within three days. He returned on December 2nd, having
two children with him, for which he was given an Indian child and three pieces
of cloth. He could not return the remaining captives, five in number, because they were at the hunting grounds of the
Esopus and he could not find them, but he had an Indian looking for them. Two
were in his vicinity. The squaw who kept them would not let them go because she
was sick, had no children and expected to die when he would get them and
Roosa's daughter, who was also at the hunting grounds.
On the last day of the year,
During December, 1663, the
chiefs of the Hackingkesaky and Staten Island Indians appeared before the
council at
On
On
[p. 80]
Old Seweckenamo, holding a
stick in his hand, his arms folded, said: I have asked my God Dachtamo that I
may do some good here. Let a treaty be made here as solid as this stick. The
chiefs here are well pleased that peace be made between my people and the
Dutch. It shall include the Marsepingh. I come to ask for peace for my people. A peace as firm and as binding as my folded arms. The other
chiefs of the Esopus cannot be here. One is a very old man and blind. The
others are friends of mine. I speak for them.
After
much talk the terms of the peace was agreed upon. The
treaty provided that all that had happened should be forgiven and forgotten. All the land that had previously been given to the Dutch and that
which they had taken in the late war as far as the two captured forts should
remain the property of the Dutch. The Indians should not plant this land
again nor come into the villages at Esopus. In order that they might not be
entirely deprived of their land they might during this year plant around the
old and new fort. No Indian should come upon land which the Dutch were
cultivating or using for pasture. They might come to the Redoubt to sell their
corn. They must not come with more than two or three canoes at once and must
send a flag of truce ahead to tell that they were coming. For their
accommodation a house should be built over the hill. If a Dutchman should kill
an, Indian or an Indian a Dutchman war should not be immediately begun. A
meeting should be first held over it and the murderer punished by death in the
presence of the Indians and the Dutch. If the Indians should happen to kill any
of the live stock of the Dutch the chiefs should pay for it. If they refused
one of them should be kept in prison until the animal killed was paid for. No
Dutchman should do any damage to the Indians.
This
treaty marks the passing of the Indian. He was no longer a menace or a terror.
The Esopus were scattered among the other tribes. Their forts and villages had
been burned. Their corn fields destroyed. Once again, in July, 1664,
Seweckenamo appeared at
On May
31st, he issued a proclamation to all the magistrates of the colony designating
June 4th a general day of thanksgiving for the conclusion of the peace with the
Indians and the return of the captives. The magistrates were directed to deliver
the same "to the reverend ministers of God's word, that
it may be by them communicated from the altar to the community."
CHAPTER
VIII.
DURING the war and the
negotiations for peace and the return of the captives, little else of interest
occurred at Wildwyck. During the fall of 1663 the magistrates of the court on
the one side and dominie Blom and the consistory of the church on the other,
got into an angry controversy. Each claimed the right to administer upon the
estates of persons dying without heirs. Tjerck Claesen de Wit, curator of the
estate of William Jansen Seba, was enjoined by the consistory from rendering
his account, and Cornelis Barentsen Slecht from paying any of the bills of
Seba. The dominie sent a letter to the magistrates telling them that the
consistory could not legally release the estate because they came to it
ecclesiastically, "not that it was seized by the consistory as the
Honorable Court dares falsely to assert."
Then the good dominie raps the
court by saying that the consistory "is really astonished that the
Honorable Court meets on Sunday, as there are enough other days in the week,
and this is the reason why the Magistrates pew in the church is vacant Sunday
morning and afternoon." The court referred the whole matter to Stuyvesant.
Stuyvesant wrote the consistory that it was the duty of the magistrates to
appoint administrators and orphanmasters, have estates inventoried and
properly administered. The consistory had nothing to do with such matters. If the
consistory or overseers of the poor had a claim against an estate they should
proceed according to law and get an order of attachment. As to the complaint
of the dominie that the magistrates claimed the right to dispose of what was
collected in the community for the church or the poor, he tells the consistory
and the magistrates that such funds should remain in the hands of the
consistory. He admonished both parties "to remain within the bounderies of
their respective positions and to continue, as well officially as privately, to
live together in mutual friendship and harmony." To this Blom made answer
that the consistory had done no more than to send its clerk to Slecht to
request him not to give up the surplus of estates before the consistory had
examined whether the overseers of the poor were authorized to receive it. That they maintained that position. They had no desire to
meddle in matters belonging to the civil authorities, as they had enough to do
in attending to their own duties.
Schout Swartwout and
Magistrates Gybertsen, deWit, Chambers and van Imbroch then undertook to
lecture Stuyvesant. They wrote him that they were "highly astonished"
that he had taken away the small privileges of the village and destroyed their
authority by directing that the surplus of estates should be placed in the
hands of the overseers of the poor. If such order was to stand they asked that
he would: "transfer not only part, but all the duties and rights of the
commissioners to Dominie Blom and his consistory, Albert Heymansen, for before
or during our time no deacon has been elected who could either read or write,
except the Dominie alone, who sides with Albert Heymansen, who has shown
himself more than once as an instigator of quarrels."
This letter aroused the ire of
the governor. He immediately,
The magistrates did not resign.
Swartwout stood it being out of office until
In January, 1664, Ensign
Niessen wrote Stuyvesant that a "strange disease afflicted the people but
the Almighty's will be done."
In April, 1664, Chambers and
van Imbroch petition that the jurisdiction of the court be enlarged to the same
extent as the court at
To encourage the people to
rebuild the
In July, 1664, Stuyvesant and
his council, deeming it necessary to have a representative at Wildwyck, who
should have general charge of all matters, appointed Wilhelm Beeckman
commissary. Every person at Wildwyck was directed to obey his orders. He was
to make an inventory of all property belonging to the company and receive the
balance there might be in the hands of Ensign Niessen, Matthys Capito, the
clerk, and Jacob Burhans, the collector. All goods sent for the garrison were
to be consigned and charged to him. He was to convene the Schepens, preside at
the meetings of the court and in case of a tie have the casting vote. Whenever
he was a party to a suit or acted for the Lords Patroons or on behalf of the
law for the Hon. Fiscall, he must leave the bench and have no vote. In his
place one of the Schepens should preside. In the absence of the governor or his
deputy he had supreme command. He must uphold the law to the best of his
knowledge in both civil and military matters. He was to take care that the
provisions of the late treaty with the Indians were enforced. He should, at the
first opportunity, let out the tapsters' excise.
Beeckman first sat as presiding
officer of the court on
The affairs of
"Election held
The convention met in the city
hall at
In accordance with Dutch custom
the excise was "farmed out." That is the right to collect and receive
the tax imposed on those using liquors was sold at auction to the highest
bidder, who was called the "farmer of the excise." The lowest bid
that would be received was stated by the auctioneer, who began with a high
price and gradually reduced the same until a bid was received. The profit of
the farmer was the difference between the amount he received for taxes and the
sum bid by him.
On
This was the last judicial and
legislative act of the court under Dutch domination.
CHAPTER
IX
THIS is
not the place to discuss the justice of the claim
of
[p. 90]
Articles of capitulation were
signed by Nicolls on September 6th, and ratified by Stuyvesant and his council
on the 8th. The Dutch troops, headed by Stuyvesant, with "arms fixed,
colors flying, drum beating and matches lighted," marched out of
The articles of capitulation
provided that all people should continue free denizens and enjoy their lands,
houses and goods and dispose of them as they pleased. Those desiring to remove
from the country were given a year and six weeks in which to do so. The Dutch
should continue to enjoy the liberty of conscience in divine worship and church
discipline, and have their own customs concerning inheritances. No judgment
that had been given by any court should be questioned. All contracts and
bargains made before the surrender should be determined according to the manner
of the Dutch. All inferior civil officers and magistrates should, if they
pleased, continue until the customary time of election and then new ones to be
chosen by themselves.
In September, Nicolls sent
Colonel George Cartwright with a detachment of troops to take possession of
A little settlement had grown
up southwest of the
On September 25th, the
commission changed the name of Wildwyck to "
Nine years under Dutch rule
passed away.
The following proclamation was
issued: "We, the magistrates, burghers and residents of the village of
Kingston and jurisdiction of the same, declare under oath that owing to the
surrender of the country, hitherto called New York, on account of which we
have been discharged from the oath of allegiance taken to his majesty of Great
Britain, we absolutely submit to the authority of their High Mightinesses the
Lords States General of the United Netherlands and his serene highness the
prince of Orange, to be true and faithful to them and at the least written
notice of him who shall be here in authority, or should be authorized by him
for said purpose, to keep ourselves in readiness against all enemies whoever
they may be, for the purpose of assisting to protect the rights of their High
Mightinesses as it is the duty of all pious and faithful subjects. But,
whereas, there are several people living here who are native‑born
Englishmen, therefore, they are permitted, in case it should happen that we
should be inimically attacked here by the order of his royal majesty of Great
Britain to remain quiet and to remain unarmed without in any manner taking part
in it. But in case with the aforesaid English any enemies of whatever other
nation should be allied then the English residents here shall be obliged to
defend themselves against them by every possible means without being permitted
to take the least exception."
August 26th, the magistrates
requested some of the oldest burghers to give their views in writing
"within twice twenty‑four hours" as to what matters concerning
the village should be made to the "vigorous council of war" at New
York, and Joost Adriaensen and the secretary, W. Montagne, were dispatched to
New York for that purpose. These representatives appeared before the council
of war which, on
From the nominees so made the
council, on
For
magistrates of Swaenenburg, Cornelis Wyncoop, Roeloff Kierstede, Wessell Ten
Broeck, Jan Burhans.
For
officers of the militia, Captain Mathys Mathysen, Lieutenant Jan Willemsen,
Ensign Mathys Barentsen.
For
magistrates of Hurley and Marble town, Louis DuBois, Roeloff Hendricksen, Jan
Joosten, Jan Broersen.
For
officers of the militia, Captain Albert Heymans, Lieutenant Jan Broersen,
Ensign Gerrit Adriaensen.
For
secretary of the three towns, William Lamontagne.
William Beeckman, who had been
nominated for Schout, had removed to
The council of war made but few
orders relating to the three villages. The inhabitants of Hurley were commanded
"not to remove their dwellings outside the village" unless they
obtain special consent. The schout was refused a salary because none had ever
been allowed. He was to act as auctioneer and with the secretary collect the
excise. The .Burgher Watch was to assist him "in arresting
evildoers." The magistrates must see to it that good watch be kept
"to which end some of the burghers should repair every evening, about
sunset, to the usual guard house, and not leave before sunrise." They should
see that the officers of the militia were respected and obeyed by their men.
Their arms must be inspected and they must be supplied with ammunition. During
this brief period of Dutch rule little of interest happened in the villages.
The courts found little to do. The stockade was ordered repaired. Roelof
Kierstede and Alberdt Jansen were appointed fire wardens and directed to
inspect all chimneys every two weeks and see that they were kept clean. Every
person must clean the street in front of his house of refuse and dirt.
Hendrick van Wyen was fined one
hundred guilders for assaulting Gretje Westercam and, in addition, was
condemned to pay the fees and expenses of the doctor. One‑fourth of the
fine went to the poor, one‑fourth for the village and one‑half to
the officers. Anna Nottingham was fined one hundred guilders for calling
Schout Grevenraet a "hungry cur" and a "hungry raven."
Klaes Tysen sued Cornelis Wynkoop for four hundred schepels of wheat, the price
of a negro sold him. Wynkoop defended on the ground
that the negro was represented to be "hale and
sound" whereas he had lost a finger and another finger and a thumb were
stiff. The court referred the matter to arbitrators who reported that the negro was not sound and Tysen must take him back. The
decision was approved by the court. Robberdt Biggerstab brought an action
against Jan Gerretsen for damage for running over his pig. "Defendant
says that when he was passing with his wagon he heard a pig squeal. His wife,
going to the spot, found no pig." Plaintiff was ordered to prove his case.
What became of the litigation or of the pig the record does not disclose. Dutch
supremacy continued but for a brief period. A treaty of peace between
On
Schout Grevenraet presented an
order of Governor Andros relieving the magistrates from the oath of allegiance
they had taken to the State's General and the Prince of Orange. The order
reinstating the old magistrates was published. They immediately took the oath
of allegiance to King James.
The new court convened
CHAPTER
X.
FOR a correct understanding of
the character of the government under which the people of Wildwyck lived a
brief sketch of the legislative and judicial history of
He became sole owner of the
territory with the right to dispose of it by will. He was chief magistrate of
his estate. He could create courts from which, if the matter in dispute
involved more than fifty guilders, an appeal could be taken to the Director‑General
and Council. Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one of the directors of the company, in
1629 and 1630 purchased large tracks of land from the Indians lying on both
sides of the river near
No appeal was allowed to the
Director General and Council at
The "Great Burgher
Right" was granted:‑-
First. To
those Who had been or were in the high or supreme
government of the country and their descendants in the male line.
Second. To
all former and actual Burgomasters and Schepens of
Third. To all former ministers of the gospel and those then in office and
their descendants in the male line.
Fourth. To the
commissioned officers of the militia, including the ensign, and their
descendants in the male line, provided that they or their descendants in the
male line had not lost or forfeited burgher right by not keeping "fire
and light" agreeable to the custom of the city of Amsterdam.
Fifth. To all others on payment of the sum of fifty guilders.
The "Small Burgher
Right" was given:‑-
First. To all those who had resided and kept fire and light within the
city for one year and six weeks.
Second. To
all born within the city.
Third. To all
who had or should marry native born daughters of burghers, provided the burgher
right had not been lost or forfeited by absence from the city or by not keeping
fire and light within the city for one year and six weeks.
[p. 100]
All persons who now or
hereafter keep any shop, "however it may be called," in the city or
its jurisdiction were bound to apply to the Burgomasters for the "Small
Right" and pay twenty guilders for the same.
All servants of the company
under wages, all passengers and new comers who
settled elsewhere, provided they did so within six weeks were exempt from
applying for the right for the exercise of "all sorts of handicraft and
the practice thereof." It was refused to the Jews.
When
this ordinance was first proclaimed only twenty persons applied for the
"Great Right." Among them was Rachel Van Tienhoven, the widow or
deserted wife of Cornelis Van Tienhoven. By an ordinance adopted in 1660 it was
provided : "That no newly arrived traders,
Scotch factors or merchants shall be at liberty to transport or to send their
goods from here to
The government of the city of
In
Although the order of the West
India Company directed that the Schout, Burgomasters and Schepens, who should
constitute the government and court for
The Director General and Council
reserved the right "to make ordinances or publish particular interdicts
even for
Such was the government of
These ordinances embraced a
wide range of subjects and touched the daily life of the citizen at almost
every point. Banns of marriage must be published or proclaimed in the place
where the parties resided. Stuyvesant would not allow the flimsy excuses or
squeamishness of prospective bridegroom or bride to interfere with the rapid
populating of the colony; neither would he stand for anything save the marital
relation. So, it was enacted that after the third proclamation of banns the
parties should, "if no lawful impediment occurs, cause their marriages to
be solemnized within one month at the furthest, after the last proclamation, or
within that time, appear and show cause where they ought, for refusing; and
that on pain of forfeiting ten guilders for the first week of the aforesaid
month, and for the succeeding weeks twenty guilders for each week, until they
have made known the reasons for refusing." Dominie Blom notified his congregation
at Wildwyck that he would enforce this ordinance. No man and woman should be at
liberty, "to keep house as married persons before and until they are
lawfully married, on pain of forfeiting one hundred guilders, more or less, as
their quality shall be found to warrant, and all such persons may be amerced
every month by the officer, according to the order and custom of our
Fatherland."
None but legal weights and
measures could be used and those were the ones in use in the city of
To prevent damage to growing
crops by animals running at large three persons should be appointed fence
viewers for each village. They must inspect all fences and see that all persons
who did not keep them tight were fined. A pound must be established in each village
in which any person could impound all cattle found in the corn fields. Before
they could be released the owner must pay six florins for a horse, four for an
ox or cow, two for a calf, hog or sheep; one‑half of which went to the
pound keeper, the other half to the impounder or whoever made the complaint. If
the animals were not released by sunset the fines were doubled and if not released
on the second day, they were sold at public auction to the highest bidder.
Smuggling was strictly
prohibited. Ordinance after ordinance prohibiting the sale of intoxicating
liquors to the Indians was passed. Although every one recognized that this
traffic was at the bottom of most of the troubles with the red men it could not
be stopped. Slavery existed in
All fighting, wounding, drawing
of knives and assaults were forbidden under heavy penalties.
The observance of Sunday was
strictly enjoined. No beer or liquor could be sold. No ordinary labor performed.
No sports or games allowed. In order to prevent the waste of powder, carousing
and accidents, all firing of guns, beating of drums, planting of May poles and
the retailing of beer or liquor on New Year or May days was prohibited. No
liquor or beer could be sold without license and payment of the excise. No
tavern keeper could brew beer or liquor and no brewer sell at retail. In 1658
the maximum price that could be charged by brewers was fixed at, for a ton
(about 40 gallons) of strong beer, ten guilders in silver, 15 in beaver, 22 in
wampum. A ton of small beer, 3 guilders in silver, 4 and one‑half in
beaver, 6 in wampum. By tavern keepers one‑half gallon
of beer, 6 stivers in silver, 9 in beaver, 12 in wampum. A can of French
wine, 18 stivers in silver, 22 in beaver, 36 in wampum. A can of Spanish wine,
24 stivers in silver, 36 in beaver, 50 in wampum. A gill of
brandy, 5 stivers in silver, 7 in beaver, 10 in wampum.
In the same year the price of
bread was fixed at a coarse wheat loaf, eight pounds, 7 stivers in silver, 10
in beaver, 14 in wampum. A rye loaf,
eight pounds, 6 stivers in silver, 9 in beaver, 12 in wampum. A white loaf, two pounds, 4 stivers in silver, 6 in beaver, 8 in
wampum.
Little, if any, coin circulated
in the colony. The zeawan or wampum of the Indians was the circulating medium.
Wheat and other grain was also used as a medium of
exchange. Fines and penalties were imposed and debts paid in either. Wampum was
made by the Indians from the inner surface of the shell of the clam and
periwinkle. They were worked out into beads, mostly of two colors, white and a
very dark purple, or black. They were generally cylindrical, being about ⅛
to 7/16 in. in length and about ⅛ to 3/16 in. in diameter. They were
strung upon cords, these fastened together made a belt. Wampum was highly
prized by the Indians. Necklaces of the same were used for personal adornment.
Belts as a badge of rank and official dignity and in the
ratification of treaties and solemn agreements. Many ordinances were
passed regulating the use and value of wampum as currency. In 1641 six strung
beads passed for one stiver. In 1650 six white and three black strung for a
stiver. In 1658 eight white and four black for a stiver. In 1663 eight white or
four black for a stiver. During the same year the price of a beaver in silver
was eight guilders and a muddle and a half of wheat was worth one beaver, or
about thirty cents a bushel.
The revenue for the colony was
derived from an export duty on furs, duties on imported goods and the tenths of
argricultural products reserved by the government as a consideration for lands
granted. The revenue for the villages was obtained from an excise tax on
liquors and beer, a tax on slaughtered cattle, and all or a part of the fines
imposed on individuals for the violation of ordinances. A land tax was also
imposed for various purposes.
As early as 1659 the people of
Wildwyck had asked that a court be established so that everybody "could be
made to go along." Their request was not complied with until
During the existence of the
court the Schepens were:‑-May, 1661, to May,
1662, Evert Pels, Cornelis Barentsen Sleght, Elbert Heymans Rose. May, 1662, to
May, 1663, Pels, Rose, Albert Gysbertsen, Tjirick deWit. May, 1663, to May,
1664, Gysbertsen, deWit, Thomas Chambers, Gysbert van Imbrogh. 1664, Chambers, van Imbrogh, Henderick Jochemsen, Jan Willemsen
Hoochteylingh. The West India Company, on
Extraordinary meetings should
not be held except upon the request of both parties to a cause who must deposit
the costs of the court, three guilders for the president and fifty stivers for
each Schepen. The court messenger gave twenty‑four hours' notice to the
Schepens of the time of holding each session. If any failed to appear, unless
excused by sickness or absence, they were fined twenty stivers each and the
president forty. Those late in arriving were fined twenty stivers for the
benefit of those on time. A Schepen could not sit if he were a party to a suit
or related to a party by consanguinity, "such as brothers, brothers‑in‑law
or cousins in the first or direct line." In case of disagreement the
minority must coincide with the majority, but could have their opinions entered
on the record which must not be made public. The clerk kept the minutes of the
proceedings, copies of which were transmitted to the council. He was allowed
sixteen stivers for drawing a petition in civil proceedings, twenty in a suit
for injuries and criminal cases "of the middle degree," and for a
certificate and a copy twenty‑four stivers. All
judgments rendered by the court were subject to reversal by the Director‑General
and Council and to them all appeals were taken. The court was given jurisdiction
of "all matters touching civil affairs" and could give judgment to
the amount of fifty guilders without appeal. If the sum involved was greater
the aggrieved party could appeal within ten days after judgment on giving
security for the principal and costs of the action. All cases of crime must be
referred to the Director‑General and Council. The court must take information
concerning the offense, arrest and detain the party charged, and send him and
the information to the council. "Minor offenses, such as brawls, injuries,
scolding, striking with fist, threats, simple drawing of a knife or sword without
bloodshed" were left to the decision of the court, the condemned party to
have the right of appeal. "All cases of major crimes, and delinquents
charged with wounding and bloodshedding, whoredom and adultery, public and
notorious theft, robberies, smuggling of contraband articles, blaspheming and
profaning God's holy name and religion, slandering and caluminating the Supreme
Government or its representatives, shall, after information, affidavits and
testimony have been taken, be referred to the Director‑General and Council
of New Netherland." The grand jury was unknown. The party accused had the
right to give bail in all cases except murder, treason, arson and rape.
Two modes of trial existed in
criminal matters. One an ordinary public trial in which the ordinary rules of
evidence prevailed; the other, an examination before two Schouts, upon written
questions. The penalties were fines, imprisonment, whipping, the pillory and
death. The court was given no power to enact ordinances, rules or regulations
even for village affairs. If they thought any such necessary they must be
submitted to the council for its approval. In 1664 this provision was so far
modified as to allow the court to enact "Provisional Ordinances,"
provided the same, with the reasons for their necessity, be
first submitted to the council and its approval obtained. If this could not be
done during the winter season or by reason of other inconvenience the court
might execute such ordinances in an emergency on condition that they be submitted for confirmation at the first opportunity.
During the Indian war of 1663
Stuyvesant appointed the Schout, Schepens, the commander and lieutenant of the
militia, and the captain of the train band, a council of war to take charge of
all matters. Acting together they constituted the court during the war. In 1664
Wilhelm Beeckman was appointed commissary for Wildwyck. He also acted as
Schout. He presided at the meetings of the court and in case of a tie had the
casting vote. In the absence of the governor or his deputy he had supreme
command.
The practice in the court was
simple. A summons commanding the party to appear at the next session of the
court was served on the defendant at least one day before the meeting. "In
case of arrest, or difference between strangers, when
it may be served on the very day of the session." If defendant did not
appear he could not thereafter question the jurisdiction of the court and was
condemned to pay the cost of the summons. A second summons was then served and
if defendant still failed to appear he was subject to additional costs. A
third summons was then served and upon default judgment was rendered. If defendants presence was necessary a warrant of arrest was
issued. Each party stated his case and could be sworn as a witness. If the
court required further proof an adjournment was had and the testimony of
witnesses taken either before the court or by written depositions made before a
notary. Documents in the handwriting of a party were presumed to be genuine.
Books of account, itemized and correctly kept, were received in evidence.
All affidavits,
interrogatories, contracts, testaments, agreements, and other important
documents in order to be used as evidence must be written by the secretary
"or other authorized person unless by necessity it should be impossible to
call on such person." Documentory evidence, dying declarations, and
testimony supported by two witnesses was termed full
proof. The testimony of one witness, half proof. Hearsay testimony was received
as half proof and as corrobative evidence.
Matters in controversy were
very frequently referred by the court to arbitrators to hear and decide.
Judgments were rendered payable
in wampum, wheat or other grain. A specified time in which to pay was usually
given. If not paid an execution was issued to the court messenger who demanded
payment by the debtor in twenty‑four hours. If not paid the messenger, in
the presence of two of the Schepens, seized the personal property of the
debtor and made an inventory of the same. The property was kept for six days
and after notice had been given at one session of the court it was sold the
next court day to the highest bidder. If sufficient personal property to pay
the judgment could not be found the real estate of the debtor was sold upon
four days' notice. Debts due the debtor could be attached and sold.
According to Dutch custom
auction sales were continued during the burning of a candle, as it flickered
out the property was struck off to the highest bidder.
The court administered the
estates of deceased persons and had control of the property of minors in much
the same manner as our Surrogates court, by administrators and guardians
appointed by it. Deeds, mortgages and other instruments were acknowledged
before the court and recorded in its minutes.
[p. 110]
The court at Wildwyck held its
first session
In October, 1661, the court
fixed the price that Pieter Jacobsen could charge for grinding corn at eight
stivers a bushel in wampum. As to those who had no wampum he could deduct a
tenth part of the corn. Each of the parties to a suit were required to pay
thirty‑six stivers, to be advanced by the plaintiff, and collected from
the defeated party, for rent of the court room: Tjerck Claesen deWit, although
a Schepen, in a suit against Corenlis Bartensen Slecht, refused to put up the
money, whereupon his colleagues on the bench informed him that his witnesses
would not be admitted in the court room.
In February, 1664, the court
ordered the collector to pay Aert Martensen Doorn forty‑two guilders in
wampum for rent of the court room. The litigation brought before the court was
pretty much of the same nature as that of today. Actions for debt injury to
property and slander were frequent. During the Indian war of 1663 a number of
persons were fined for going to the fields to work without a guard of troops.
The Sunday laws were strictly enforced and fines imposed for violations of the
excise ordinances. The court was quite sensitive as to any criticism of its
proceedings. Barent Gerretsen and his wife were placed under arrest for having
said that the magistrates did not give them justice and because they
"have several times poked fun at the court."
Hendrick Jochemse was fined
twenty‑five guilders and Elsjen Jans and Annetjen Aerts six guilders
each, to go the poor, "for having used vile and nasty language before the
court."
Aeltje Sybrants, wife of Mattys
Roelofsen, was fined one hundred guilders for using vile and indecent language
to the Schout on his going to her house with the order of the court notifying
all persons not to sell strong drink to the Indians. Two‑thirds of the
fine went to the Schout and one‑third to Dominie Blom for the church.
Cornelis Barentsen Slecht was confined in the guard house for refusing to
render his account in the matter of the estate of William Jansen Seba.
In reading these old records
one is impressed with the wonderful perspicuity of the legal documents and
papers. All the acumen and sophistry of the modern lawyer could not twist their
language into anything but its obvious meaning to any one of ordinary
intelligence. The court was not troubled with the interpretation of obscure
statutes or the reconciliation of conflicting authorities. Their decisions are
clear cut and direct to the point.
They rendered justice, rough
and ready perhaps, but exact justice. Here is the complete record of one case,
famous in the annals of
"